为什么说伊斯兰教是慈悲的宗教?

当人们听到伊斯兰这个词时,首先想到的可能不是慈悲。然而对穆斯林来说,慈悲(阿拉伯语为 rahmah)贯穿一切:真主如何描述自己,先知 ﷺ 为何被派遣,以及信士被要求如何生活。
慈悲是真主的尊名之一
古兰经中除了一章之外,每一章都以同样的话语开头:
بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ ﴿١﴾ 奉至仁至慈的真主之名
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这两个尊名——Ar-Rahman(至仁的)和 Ar-Raheem(至慈的)——与 rahmah(慈悲)来自同一个阿拉伯语词根。古兰经还说,真主的慈悲遍及祂所造化的一切:
۞ وَٱكْتُبْ لَنَا فِى هَٰذِهِ ٱلدُّنْيَا حَسَنَةًۭ وَفِى ٱلْءَاخِرَةِ إِنَّا هُدْنَآ إِلَيْكَ ۚ قَالَ عَذَابِىٓ أُصِيبُ بِهِۦ مَنْ أَشَآءُ ۖ وَرَحْمَتِى وَسِعَتْ كُلَّ شَىْءٍۢ ۚ فَسَأَكْتُبُهَا لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ وَيُؤْتُونَ ٱلزَّكَوٰةَ وَٱلَّذِينَ هُم بِـَٔايَٰتِنَا يُؤْمِنُونَ ﴿١٥٦﴾ 求你在今世和后世为我们注定幸福,我们确已对你悔过了。主说:我的刑罚,是用去惩治我欲惩治的人的,我的慈恩是包罗万物的。我将注定以我的慈恩归于敬畏真主,完纳天课,而且信仰我的迹象者。
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先知 ﷺ 用一种容易记住的方式描述了真主的慈悲:
Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "When Allah completed the creation, He wrote in His Book which is with Him on His Throne, "My Mercy overpowers My Anger
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作为慈悲而被派遣的先知
穆斯林相信,穆罕默德 ﷺ 是包括易卜拉欣、穆萨和尔撒在内的一长串先知中的最后一位使者。古兰经用一句简短的话描述了他使命的目的——本网站的名字正源于这节经文:
وَمَآ أَرْسَلْنَٰكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةًۭ لِّلْعَٰلَمِينَ ﴿١٠٧﴾ 我派遣你,只为怜悯全世界的人。
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请注意,这节经文说的是众世界——不仅仅是穆斯林,也不仅仅是人类。他的信息是要成为对所有人的慈悲。
人与人之间的慈悲
伊斯兰教教导,我们在人与人之间所看到的慈悲——母亲对孩子的关爱,陌生人的善意——本身就是真主慈悲的一小部分:
Narrated Abu Huraira: I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, Allah divided Mercy into one hundred parts. He kept ninety nine parts with Him and sent down one part to the earth, and because of that, its one single part, His Creations are merciful to each other, so that even the mare lifts up its hoofs away from its baby animal, lest it should trample on it
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正因为如此,慈悲不仅是穆斯林希望得到的东西,也是他们被命令要给予的东西:
…The Compassionate One has mercy on those who are merciful. If you show mercy to those who are on the earth, He Who is in the heaven will show mercy to you.…
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慈悲对待动物和一切生灵
伊斯兰教中的慈悲并不止于人类。先知 ﷺ 讲过一个人的故事:他因为给一条口渴的狗喝水而得到了饶恕:
Narrated Abu Huraira: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said, "While a man was walking on a road. he became very thirsty. Then he came across a well, got down into it, drank (of its water) and then came out. Meanwhile he saw a dog panting and licking mud because of excessive thirst. The man said to himself "This dog is suffering from the same state of thirst as I did." So he went down the well (again) and filled his shoe (with water) and held it in his mouth and watered the dog. Allah thanked him for that deed and forgave him." The people asked, "O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)! Is there a reward for us in serving the animals?" He said, "(Yes) There is a reward for serving any animate (living being)
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没有人在真主的慈悲之外
古兰经中最给人希望的一节经文,或许是写给那些觉得自己罪孽太多、永远无法得到饶恕的人的:
۞ قُلْ يَٰعِبَادِىَ ٱلَّذِينَ أَسْرَفُوا۟ عَلَىٰٓ أَنفُسِهِمْ لَا تَقْنَطُوا۟ مِن رَّحْمَةِ ٱللَّهِ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يَغْفِرُ ٱلذُّنُوبَ جَمِيعًا ۚ إِنَّهُۥ هُوَ ٱلْغَفُورُ ٱلرَّحِيمُ ﴿٥٣﴾ (你说:)我的过分自害的众仆呀!你们对真主的恩惠不要绝望,真主必定赦宥一切罪过,他确是至赦的,确是至慈的。
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这就是为什么穆斯林说伊斯兰是慈悲:它始于一位慈悲的真主,由一位作为慈悲而被派遣的先知传达,并要求每一位信士都成为他人的慈悲之源。

要点
- 慈悲(rahmah)是古兰经中真主描述自己的核心。
- 先知穆罕默德 ﷺ 被派遣为对所有人的慈悲——而不仅仅是对穆斯林。
- 穆斯林被教导要慈悲对待人、动物和一切生灵。
- 只要归向真主,没有人会在祂的慈悲之外。


